Aerifying dormant greens in early spring when there is no leaf growth on trees can sometimes result in a longer recovery compared with waiting until the greens resume normal growth. It is entirely weather-dependent. Photo by Steven McDonald
As an independent turfgrass consultant and researcher, I get hundreds, if not thousands, of agronomic questions each year. I could easily write a monthly column about some of the most perplexing questions I get while visiting golf courses. Most of those visits take place along the I-95 corridor — from Richmond, Va., north to Boston — but my work does allow me to venture out of this region as well.
One of the most common questions I get no matter where I’m working is about aerification timing. Whether you complete the same practice at the same time each year or switch up practices (depths of impact, for example) and when those practices take place, everyone at some point makes some sort of hole or opening in greens, tees and, hopefully, fairways.
There are sound agronomic reasons for making holes in seemingly healthy playing surfaces. Aerification is one of the most important practices used on fine turf areas that receive heavy machine and foot traffic. Among the many documented benefits of aerification, two of the most important are:
- It enables root systems to grow deeper and more densely.
- It can improve playability and firmness, as well as dilute thatch.
Unfortunately, I am often invited to consult when even aerification can’t save the day — when greens are on the verge of death and I have to make suggestions to nurse them back to health. Sometimes the call has to be made to close greens to play while they recover. Other times I feel like a coroner when asked to explain the death of greens. The presence of green grass in old aerification holes often provides useful clues in an otherwise dead green. These holes show that there are significant benefits to aerification.
Balancing the stresses of aerification
Despite its documented benefits, aerification, without question, can be stressful on turf when done under environmental pressures such as heat and shade, or when done to turf that is in poor health to begin with. In most parts of the country, all of those factors need to be considered during the most popular time for aerification, which is late summer and early fall.
Making that aerification hole — whether through solid tining or by removing a plug of soil/thatch/turf — incurs the risk of heaving the turf, meaning the roots separate from the soil. This is especially problematic in late summer, when root systems are weak. A heaved turf will take a few weeks to re-root and, in the meantime, will require more water, making the surface softer than it was before aerification.
Aerification is also stressful because of the sand commonly used to topdress the green and the cleanup required. Sand on greens in late summer can store a lot of heat, especially when it’s sunny and temperatures are higher than 88 degrees F. Think about walking barefoot on beach sand on an August day — the sand hurts your feet, so you wear sandals. However, on a putting green, the grass doesn’t get a reprieve from the heat of the sand, which can cause severe heat stress to the turf. Additionally, the sand must be worked into the holes to achieve the best benefits of core aerification. Sand is abrasive, and extreme care needs to be taken not to abrade the turf.
Blowing and dragging large amounts of sand on the surface of the turf is necessary to fill the holes, but if done during stressful weather or too aggressively, such practices can lead to abrasion and physical damage. Photo by Steven McDonald
The impact on green speeds must also be considered. More nitrogen is typically applied following aerification to get the holes to fill in quicker, which can reduce green speeds for three to five weeks or longer. Applying additional nitrogen to speed recovery might have an unintended negative impact too. For example, the stimulated grass may require more frequent mowing and rolling to obtain targeted speeds, but mechanical damage may result from that increase in maintenance, especially if there is a significant amount of sand in the leaf canopy.
Greens injured by late-summer aerification will likely remain in poor condition until late autumn. Lifting and other mechanical injuries may also result in slow recovery, and greens may remain weak until the following spring, sometimes until April or May.
In my career, which has included more than 1,500 golf course visits, I estimate I have seen more than 80 occurrences of greens hurt by late-summer aerification in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions. In years such as 2018, aerification in late August and September caused notable damage, regardless of which method (hollow tines vs. solid tines vs. aggressive spiking) was used.
Even waiting until early October is no guarantee for success: 2018 was unusually hot and wet, and those environmental stresses resulted in extremely slow recovery from aerification. Another consideration at that time of year is the shortening of daily sunlight, which can lead to frosts, which slow turf growth significantly.
In some years, August may be a great time to aerate, but it only takes one event of extreme turf stress to cause superintendents to rethink when and how they aerify. The injury from aerification in 2018 (and other years) varied among courses and from green to green on those courses. Many times, shaded greens or greens that lacked air movement were most severely damaged.
Recipes for aerification success
There is not a single recipe for successful aerification timing and methods that is applicable to every golf course. Some golf courses experience little golf from Halloween until late spring, for example, and these courses potentially have fewer issues with aerification timing because they have more flexibility. Some golf courses have a core group of 20 to 30 players who will play almost every day of the year, including in winter, as long as they can access the golf course.
Every course is unique in regard to golfing schedule, budget, labor, grass species and growing environments. For many, you can add seasonal concerns, a heavy tournament schedule, or the agendas of club professionals or owners to the mix. It’s hard to say which of those factors is the most important, but it varies from course to course, and the superintendents on the ground at those facilities will know the landscape best and how to make an informed decision.
A necessary evil: Aerification keeps turf healthy and playing well. GCM staff photo
The most common time to aerify is late summer, and that’s also widely thought to be the best time to aerate, agronomically speaking, because holes heal quickly, and greens have typically recovered before any late-summer or autumn golf tournaments. I agree that mid- to late August and early September do provide a good time for quick healing. However, if the weather is not ideal at the time of aerification, as well as over the next few weeks during recovery, greens will not heal as quickly as they would during favorable weather. Do you trust the weather forecast? Keep in mind, if significant damage does occur, it could mean 30 to 60 days of additional stress on your greens.
Ideally, in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast, autumn greens aerification would occur in mid- to late September or early October, which would generally give 14 to 18 days of good growth prior to frost. Unfortunately for many clubs, this timing overlaps with the height of year-end golf events, at a time of year that typically provides outstanding weather for playing golf. After frost occurs in October/November, there will be a significant reduction in growth and recovery, so pushing aerification back later into autumn can sometimes lead to other issues.
Late-autumn aerification (late October/November/December) is the least stressful on the actual turf, and more aggressive practices can be performed during that time frame. The downside is that sunlight hours are short and nighttime temperatures are cool, so even if there are some warm days, the holes will typically not heal until spring. Additionally, if the turf has shade from the south, soil will usually take longer to dry out following aerification.
Despite all the factors superintendents must consider regarding late-fall aerification, I do have many clients aerifying with high levels of success after their closing-day events in October. When they are aggressive in late fall, it takes pressure off early-spring aerification, enabling them to do something less injurious in spring, followed by some small-tine openings of the surface in May/June (which heal in seven to 10 days). This regimen should allow superintendents to comfortably maintain putting greens in a healthier condition with little to no disruption from the middle of April until late October. I have never seen an increase in winterkill or any issues with late-autumn aerification, even when it has been highly aggressive.
If holes from aggressive late-autumn/winter aerification are still visible in the green in spring, a simple solid tine, smaller coring tine or less aggressive sand injection (or a combination of those) could be done in spring. This lowers the pressure to be aggressive during spring aerification if the greens are performing well and thatch is not excessive. It also reduces the dilemma of how aggressive to be, knowing spring weather is highly unpredictable.
Spring aerification
Spring is one of the most challenging times to aerify, especially for sand-based bentgrass greens in the Mid-Atlantic, Northeast and Upper Midwest. No matter the timing, an aerification hole made from March 1 through May 1 will likely not heal fully until mid-May in most years.
So why is it that we want to run out and make holes as soon as possible in spring? For many, the golf schedule drives this train. If possible, consider waiting until the grass has resumed normal growth (May or early June). Coring when grass is actively growing will impact golfers for fewer days in spring. For example, if the hole is made on May 15, it will likely heal in 12 to 14 days. By comparison, a hole made on April 1 can take 30 to 40 days to heal fully.
Prevention of excessive organic matter accumulation requires aerification and sand topdressing. Photo by Steven McDonald
Further complicating matters is spring weather, which can be unpredictable, with cold soils and low sun angles. The numerous early-spring golf events that most facilities host make timing spring aerifications even more difficult.
The other big factor driving aerification scheduling and timing, regardless of when superintendents are considering doing this work, is staffing. All of us in the green industry are well aware of the labor issues facing superintendents, and aerification is certainly a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. Many golf course managers feel they have more labor in August and September than they do in November, for example, and schedule aerification accordingly. But don’t sleep in the off-season, when you can do four to six greens a day or take the course of two weeks to finish as the weather allows, given that the growth rate of the grass is slow and the golf course may not be as crowded. As with anything, this might not be possible at all golf courses.
Pick your poison
The dilemma of aerification timing is not going to change anytime soon. There is no ideal time to aerify putting greens, but there also isn’t an ideal time to close them for four to six weeks because of poor turf health or turf loss from a lack of oxygen or excessive thatch.
My suggestion would be to try different timings and methods, see what works and what doesn’t for your situation, and trust your instincts. If your aerification program is working well both below the ground — you’re keeping thatch in check, roots are deep and dense, etc. — and above it — you’re getting good grass performance — then there is no need to consider changes to your aerification timing.
Otherwise, try some of the suggestions noted above, even if only on a practice green, to learn how timing the process impacts recovery. Regardless of when and how aggressive your aerifications are, there will be complaints. But for superintendents, that’s just par for the course.
Poa annua and aerification timing
Many argue that aerifying in late autumn encourages Poa annua germination. Poa germination patterns can vary widely based on many factors. A field research study in Maryland found this to be partially true, but field observations I’ve made after visiting many of the same golf courses for more than 10 years have illustrated that if you aerate after the Poa germinates, you may naturally be able to mitigate this problem in late autumn.
Research at two golf courses in Maryland between late September and the middle of October found that the majority (50% to 70%) of Poa had germinated by that time, and most germination ended by early November (1). The research found that, on average, 24% of all Poa seedlings emerged between November and May. My field observations line up with this data, and I have seen significantly more Poa in greens aerated before Nov. 1 in most years in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions. I have also seeded Poa (collected seedheads in spring and cleaned and dried them for the following autumn) for research trials, and we have struggled to get it to germinate after the middle of October in fumigated soils with no competition.
Is there a higher risk of Poa invasion into greens when they are thin from aerification damage in August or September, given that 50% to 70% of the total Poa germinates in late September or October in Maryland? Or is there a higher risk of Poa encroachment with aerification late into the year? Although there is no exact research on this question, a lot of nearly pure creeping bentgrass greens are aerified in late autumn each year. Many other components besides aerification — use of plant growth regulators, shade, Poa seed bank, existing populations of bentgrass and Poa — also factor into this issue.
Literature cited
- Kaminski, J.E., and P.H. Dernoeden. 2007. Seasonal Poa annua L. seedling emergence patterns in Maryland. Crop Science 47(2):773-779. doi:10.2135/cropsci2006.03.0191.
Steven McDonald is the president of Turfgrass Disease Solutions, located in Pottstown, Pa.